RNA Interference (RNAi) - Definition, Mechanism, Application - Biology Notes Online (2024)

Ufafanuzi wa Kuingilia kwa RNA

RNA interference is the process by which RNA molecules suppress gene expression by neutralising the targeted messenger RNA molekuli.

• RNA interference is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that is triggered by double-stranded RNA and employs the gene’s own DNA mlolongo wa kuinyamazisha. Hii inajulikana kama kunyamazisha jeni.
  • Ni mfumo wa udhibiti wa jeni ambao huzuia viwango vya nakala kwa njia mbili.
  • Kuzuia unukuzi (kimya cha jeni cha maandishi) na udhalilishaji RNA uzalishaji (kunyamazisha jeni baada ya nakala)
• Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello, two American scientists, found the mechanism in C.elegans cells. They blocked the expression of specific genes by introducing short lengths of double-stranded RNA into the C. elegans cells.

Utaratibu wa Kuingilia wa RNA

The RNA interference mechanism can be explained in the following steps:

1. With the aid of an enzyme called Dicer, long double-stranded RNA is cut into minute bits. These bits are known as small interfering RNA or siRNA.
2. Through the RNA-induced silencing complex, the siRNAs pass. The duplex unwinds, activating the RNA. These complexes impede translation and increase RNA kuvunja.
3. The siRNA binds to the Argonaute protein and removes one of the double-stranded strands. The strand that remains binds to mRNA target sequences. Either the Argonaute protein cleaves the mRNA or recruits other components to control the target sequence.

Kwa nini RNAi kama zana ya maumbile?

• Synthetic dsRNA complementary to our target mRNA is designed and injected into the cell line using expression vectors, much like siRNA.
• Once it has been correctly introduced into a cell, the next steps are carried out by the cell’s RNA interference system.
• Dicer hutambua dsRNA ya nje na kuitenganisha katika vipande 21 hadi 23 vya dsRNA.
• It is processed by Dicer and transferred to the cytoplasmic RISC, where the Ago2 protein binds to the siRNA vipande.
• The passenger strand of the siRNA fragments, which is identical to the mRNA, is eliminated, leaving the directed strand in the complex.
• The RISC then migrates the mRNA to its complementary mRNA, attaches to it, and destroys it.
• Kutokuwa na uwezo wa mRNA to be translated into protein reduces gene expression.
• The siRNA is a crucial component of in vitro RNAi research; its length is typically 21 nucleotides and is referred to as 21mer.
• The 21mer siRNA is more specific and performs exceptionally well in experiments; however, recent studies imply that the 27mer siRNA is more efficient.
• 27mer imepasuliwa kwa usahihi na dicer, na kusababisha overhang ya nyukleotidi 2 kwenye terminal yake ya 3′.
• hii siRNA resembles the endogenous microRNA more closely. Consult our article on siRNA: RNA ndogo inayoingilia (siRNA): Structure And Function
• In in vitro RNA interference investigations, another molecule known as short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is also utilised.
• Chemical modification can improve the efficacy and specificity of the siRNA katika RNA interference (RNAi) process by enhancing the sequence specificity and subsequently reducing the capacity for cross-hybridization.
• Several features must be present in the chosen synthetic nucleic acid (siRNA or shRNA) for RNAi to respond more correctly.

Maombi ya Kuingilia RNA

• The usage of synthetic dsRNA molecules triggers the RNA interference response of a cell and regulates the expression of genes.
• Thus, artificially induced RNA interference has a wide range of applications in the clinical, medicinal, and other research sectors.
• Sasa inatumika kwa kawaida katika utafiti wa kugonga jeni.
• Additionally, it is utilised in genomics research and investigations. It is currently utilised therapeutically against viral infections, cancer, and neurological illnesses, with researchers intending to use it as a safer treatment for curing ailments.
• Matibabu ya RNAi pia yanaweza kutumika katika matibabu ya kibinafsi na tiba ya jeni kwa lengo maalum.
• Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, teknolojia ya RNAi imezidi kuenea katika utafiti wa mimea na uboreshaji wa mazao.
• Scientists are currently utilising RNA interference and antisense RNA in crop development. Using the current technologies, new plant characteristics and disease-resistant plant species are being developed.
• Aidha, hutumika kwa ajili ya kudhibiti wadudu na kuimarisha mazao. Nyanya ya Flvr Savr, kahawa isiyo na kafeini, na tumbaku isiyo na nikotini ni baadhi ya mifano mashuhuri zaidi ya spishi za mimea iliyoundwa kupitia teknolojia ya RNAi.
• RNAi is also utilised for disease and pathogen resistance, male sterility development, and functional genomic research in plants. Using RNA interference (RNAi), virus-resistant plant species against Banana Bract Mosaic virusi, Rice Tungro Bacilliform virusi, Tobacco Mosaic virusi, and Cucumber Mosaic virusi hutengenezwa.
• Artificially designed dsRNA complementary to viral RNA is inserted into the plant genome, mimicking the natural si/miRNA and destroying viral dsRNA whenever it attacks.

Marejeo

• Xu W, Jiang X, Huang L. RNA Interference Technology. Comprehensive Biotechnology. 2019:560–75. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64046-8.00282-2. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMCID: PMC7152241.
• Kim, DH, & Rossi, JJ (2008). Taratibu na matumizi ya RNAi. BioTechniques, 44 (5), 613-616. doi:10.2144/000112792
• Agrawal, N., Dasaradhi, P. V. N., Mohmmed, A., Malhotra, P., Bhatnagar, R. K., & Mukherjee, S. K. (2003). RNA Interference: Biology, Mechanism, and Applications. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 67(4), 657–685. doi:10.1128/mmbr.67.4.657-685.2003
• https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/ask-a-scientist/what-is-rnai/
• https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is-RNA-Interference.aspx
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techrnai/
• https://geneticeducation.co.in/rna-interference-rnai-a-process-of-gene-silencing/

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