Aggregate demand (AD) is the total amount of goods and services consumers are willing to purchase in a given economy and during a certain period. Sometimes aggregate demand changes in a way that alters its relationship with aggregate supply (AS), called a "shift."
Since modern economists calculate aggregate demand using a specific formula, shifts result from changes in the value of the formula's input variables: consumer spending, investment spending, government spending, exports (minus imports).
Key Takeaways
- Aggregate demand (AD) is the total amount of goods and services in an economy that consumers are willing to purchase during a specific time frame.
- When aggregate demand changes in its relationship with aggregate supply, this is known as a shift in aggregate demand.
- Aggregate demand consists of the sum of consumer spending, investment spending, government spending, and the difference between exports and imports.
- When any of these aggregate demand inputs change, there is a shift in aggregate demand.
The Formula for Aggregate Demand
AD=C+I+G+(X−M)where:C=ConsumerspendingongoodsandservicesI=InvestmentspendingonbusinesscapitalgoodsG=GovernmentspendingonpublicgoodsandservicesX=ExportsM=Imports
Any aggregate economic phenomena that causechanges in the value of any of these variables will changeaggregate demand. If aggregate supply remains unchangedor is held constant, a change in aggregate demand shifts the AD curve to the left or the right.
The aggregate demand formula is identical to the nominal gross domestic product formula.
In macroeconomic models, right shifts in aggregate demand are typically viewed as a sign that aggregate demand increased or is growing—typically viewed as positive. Shifts to the left, a decrease in aggregate demand, mean the economy is declining or shrinking—typically viewed as negative.
However, this is not always the case. For example, a reduction in aggregate demand might be engineered by the government to reduce inflation, which is not necessarily negative.
Shifting the Aggregate Demand Curve
The aggregate demand curve tends to shift to the left when total consumer spending declines. Consumers might spend less because the cost of living is rising or because government taxes have increased.
Consumers may decide to spend less and save more if they expect prices to rise in the future. It might also be that consumer time preferences change, and future consumption is valued more highly than present consumption.
The image below shows the shift that aggregate demand makes in response to changes in inputs.
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Contractionary fiscal policy can also shift aggregate demand to the left. The government might decide to raise taxes or decrease spending to fix a budget deficit. Monetary policy has less immediate effects. If monetary policy raises the interest rate, individuals and businesses tend to borrow less and save more. This could shift AD to the left.
The last major variable, net exports (exports minus imports), is less direct and more controversial. A country’s current account surplus is always balanced by the change in the capital account (that is, a trade surplus or positive net exports). This would imply a net influx of foreign currency or dollars held abroad to pay for the fact that foreigners are buying more U.S. goods than they are selling to the U.S. This situation would lead to an increase in U.S. foreign currency holdings or an influx of U.S. dollars held abroad and would generally positively shift aggregate demand.
Aggregate Demand Shock
According to macroeconomic theory, ademand shockis an important change somewhere in the economy that affects many spending decisions andcauses a sudden and unexpected shift in theaggregate demandcurve.
Some shocks are caused by changes in technology. Technological advances can make labor more productive and increase business returns on capital. This is normally caused by declining costs in one or more sectors, leaving more room for consumers to buy additional goods, save, or invest. In this case, the demand for total goods and services increases while prices fall.
Diseases and natural disasters can cause negative demand shocks if they limit earnings and cause consumers to buy fewer goods. For example, Hurricane Katrina caused negativesupply and demandshocks in New Orleans and the surrounding areas.And post-WWII, it's commonly held that the United States experienced a positive demand shock, particularly with real commodities.
What Are the 4 Shifters of Aggregate Demand?
Consumption spending, investment spending, government spending, and net imports and exports shift aggregate demand. An increase in any component shifts the demand curve to the right, and a decrease shifts it to the left.
What Shifts Aggregate Supply?
Changes in productivity or key input price changes causes aggregate supply to shift.
What Causes an Increase in Aggregate Demand?
When consumers spend more, aggregate demand tends to increase. Demand also rises if investment increases.
The Bottom Line
Aggregate demand is the total amount of goods and services in an economy that consumers are willing to pay for within a certain time period. Aggregate demand is calculated as the sum of consumer spending, investment spending, government spending, and the difference between exports and imports.
Whenever one of these factors changes and when aggregate supply remains constant, then there is a shift in aggregate demand. Utilizing the aggregate demand curve, a shift to the left—a reduction in aggregate demand—is perceived negatively, while a shift to the right—an increase in aggregate demand—is perceived positively.
